English is a crazy language!

(This phrase comes from the hilarious writing of linguist Richard Lederer, who gives some great examples of this nutty language. You can read his essay here.)

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Just now in his 1 on 1 English class a student asked me about “chief” and “chef,” and “wood” and “woods.” These words look similar, but their meanings are totally different!

Look up these words below, where I will explain them…

Are YOU a student with DreyerCoaching.com? If not, contact us today to see how we can help you!

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Many of the words in this list have multiple meanings, and thus multiple translations into Chinese or other languages. NOTE: Over the years, I have noticed the SAT and TOEFL exams LOVE to use words that most test takers know, but they use them with a rare usage or context that many test-takers do NOT know. In fact, in a recent team meeting, one DreyerCoaching team teacher with over 40 years’ of teaching experience told us, when she sees a question on an SAT test about a word with multiple meanings, it almost always involves an infrequent usage.

The two Asian students living with my family and attending a high school here in our city recently took a test called Terra Nova. One subcategory of the Language part was “words with multiple meanings.” So, not only is learning “crazy English” FUN, but it can also help you on these important exams.

Another issue is the crazy spellings and pronunciations in English. For example, why does “Roger” not rhyme with “Kroger”?

Why does “rude” rhyme with “crude,” “mood,” “lewd,” “sued,” “who’d,” and “booed,” but “baked” does not rhyme with “naked”?

Here are some OTHER crazy things that make English a CRAZY language. But as I often tell our students: “English is a crazy language, but don’t worry: we can help you! Let our experienced, native-speaker teachers be your personal guide!”

Abstract:  (See also “Objective”)

1. Existing as an idea or concept, but not having a physical existence (adj.)  (Chinese: 抽象)

Love, beauty, and justice are abstract concepts.

2. A kind of art that does not attempt to show a physical reality (adj.)

Russian Wassily Kandinsky is seen as the founder of abstract art.

3. A brief summary of a book or paper, usually found at the front of an article (n.)

Technical English papers usually require a brief abstract at the front. If you are an author, DreyerCoaching can help you with editing! 

Accomplished: 

1. a task done or completed (v. past tense)

It is amazing what we accomplished in just one afternoon, when everyone pitched in and worked together!

2. Highly-skilled and proficient (adj.)
David is an accomplished pianist.

Ace:

1. One of the four playing cards marked with a single spot; it is usually the highest-scoring card (n.)

Benny won the game when he put down an ace of clubs.

The  Four Aces are Clubs, Hearts, Spades, and Diamonds.

(Cultural Note: “The Four Aces” were an American quartet who became wildly popular in the 1950’s and continued to sell big hits for many decades therafter. Some of their most popular songs include Love is a Many Splendored Thing , Three Coins in the Fountain, and Stranger in Paradise.

2. A person who is very skilled at something (informal) (n.)

Victor soon became an ace after he joined the school’s archery club.

During World War I (1914-1918), airplane technology was still new and this was the first war involving aircraft. The most famous pilots in that conflict were called Fighter Aces.

At DreyerCoaching.com we try to live by the motto, “Put your Aces in their Places.” That means, we try to match the most suitable teacher with each student, based on the teacher’s strengths and the student’s needs.

3. To do well–usually score a 100%– on an exam, interview, etc. (v.)

Tony studied hard so he was able to ace his history test.

4. Excellent; outstanding (adj.)

Denas is an ace basketball player.

5. (volleyball) When the server serves the ball and it either hits the floor on the opposing team’s court or the opposing team hits it but can’t get it back over the net. (n.)

Jenny fell in love with volleyball the day when she scored her first ace and got the winning point for her team.

Address:

1. The physical location of a home or business, etc. (n.)

Most people agree that a young child should memorize his or her address.

2. A computer or email account (n.)

They exchanged email addresses after the meeting so they could keep in touch.

Every computer connected to the Internet has its own IP address.

3. A formal speech (n.)

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is world famous–ironically, Lincoln thought no one would ever remember it!

4. To mark directions for delivery of a letter or package (v.)

Since many young people do everything online, they do not know how to address a letter or where to place the postage stamp.

5. To deal with a partiular problem or issue (v.)

Mrs. Huang has been very busy, but she will address this problem when she gets back to the office.

6. To speak or write to a particular audience (v.)

When you address an audience, remember to use eye contact.

Advocate:  

1. To speak or write in favor of some action, policy, position, etc. (v.)

The labor leader advocated for better working conditions for the employees.

The National Wildlife Federation advocates for preserving wildlife and wild places for generations to come.

2. To act as an advocate, supporter, or defender (v.)

“Advocate for yourself,” Aunt Diane always told our children.

3. A person who speaks, writes, or acts in support or defense of another or a cause; lawyer (n.)
Sometimes when parents lose patience with their children, a grandparent can step in as an advocate for the child.

Afford: 

1. to have enough money for (v.)

Rich Dad, Poor Dad author Robert Kiyosaki explains there are big differences between a “poverty mindset” and an “abundance mindset.” When people with a poverty mindset see something they do not have enough money for, they say “I can’t afford that.”  Instead, Kiyosaki challenges people to have an “abundance mindset” and ask themselves, “What do I need to do differently in order to afford that?’ Change your words. Change your life.” #ContextShift

(Click here to read more about what Robert Kiysoki believes on this issue.)

2. To provide or supply (v.)

The creekside trail at Roaring Run affords beautiful views of the stream and many waterfalls.

Afghan:

1. Of or pertaining to the Southwest Asian country of Afghanistan. (adj.)

Have you ever eaten at an Afghan restaurant?

Our students learned about Afghan history and culture when we studied Southwest Asia.

2. A person from Afghanistan (n.)

A few Afghans lived  in the same international student dorm I lived in when I studied in Germany.

3. A kind of heavy, woolen blanket, sometimes called a “throw,” used to keep warm or as a decoration on the back of a couch or chair. They often have a bright, colorful pattern. (n.)

It’s cozy to curl up with a cup of tea or coffee in a heavy afghan on a cold day.

4. A breed of longhaired dog originally from Afghanistan. (n.)

The Afghan Hound is an aloof, dignified, loyal breed of dog.

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True Story: when I taught honors 9th grade history, our students had learned about the country of Afghanistan in our Middle Eastern unit, so the students understood expressions like “Afghan people” or “Afghan history.” One day the English teacher I co-taught with was telling our students about her love of reading. She explained: “I love to curl up with a book and an afghan on my lap.” Immediately lots of the students expressed shock at the strange mental image they had: Our teacher reading a book, with a person from Afghanistan on her lap! We all had a good laugh that day, when we explained “Afghan” has MANY meanings!

In fact, you can use all four meanings in one sentence! At the Afghan restaurant, the Afghan had an Afghan lying on an afghan.

Alcohol:

1. a flammable liquid produced by fermented yeast; it is intoxicating if people drink a large amount. (aka liquor, booze). Common examples include wine, beer, whiskey, etc. (n.)

(To be clear and to make sure you do not confuse this meaing #1 with meaning #2, you can call this “an alcoholic beverage.”)

Alcohol addiction is a serious problem for many people.

In most states in the USA, one must be 21 in order to buy alcohol.

(Language note: many Chinese speakers confuse this meaning of the word “alcohol” with the word “wine.” Wine is ONE KIND of alcohol.)

2. a cooling, soothing liquid that kills germs and is often used for cleaning; one can NEVER drink it. It is a general term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) products. (aka rubbing alcohol) (n.)

Many people buy alcohol to wipe down surfaces to kill germs.

A nurse usually cleans your arm with an alcohol pad before he or she gives you a shot.

(To be clear and to make sure you do not confuse this meaing #2 with meaning #1, you can call this “rubbing alcohol.”)

Culture note: The word “alcohol” comes from the Arabic language, which is ironic because many of the world’s Arabic regions today are also Muslim, and Islam has strict teachings against drinking alcohol. Learn more here.

Anchor:

1. a large, heavy object used to keep a boat or ship in place by dropping it to the bottom of the river, lake, or sea; it is held to the boat by a rope or cable.

Hebrews 6:19 in the Bible says, “We have this hope as an anchor for the soul, firm and secure.”

2. to hold fast or keep in a fixed place (v.)

Ships from around the world can be seen anchored in Hong Kong’s beautiful Victoria Harbor.

3. The person who is the main host of a TV news program; this is a way to refer to an “anchorman” or “anchorwoman” without specifying the gender. (n.)

A friend told me he often watches Norah O’Donnell, chief anchor for the CBS Evening News. He said, “The bias is so obvious, it’s funny to watch. Norah O’Donnell looked angry every night while Trump was in office, but as soon as Biden became president, she looks happy all the time.”

4. A large store in a mall; it is desirable because it attracts lots of traffic to the mall and that helps the smaller stores too (aka anchor store) (n.)

As many anchor stores in the US close, malls suffer from declining traffic and revenue.

Cultural note: The US Navy Hymn is “Anchors Aweigh.” The Marines are under the Department of the Navy.

Geography note: “anchorage” refers to a place where a ship can drop anchor, and from that we get the name of Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska.

Appeal: 

1. A request for money, help, information, a certain response, etc. (n.)

The Red Cross often issues an appeal for blood donors whenever the blood supplies run low.

2. To make a formal request for money, help, information, a certain request, etc. (v.)

Many churches and other civic organizations appealed for blankets, canned food, and bottled water after the huge floods pushed thousands out of their homes.

3. (legal) a request for a higher court or authority to overturn a lower court’s decision (n.)

When people lose a court case, they can usually ask a higher court to hear their appeal.

4. To request a higher court or authority to rehear a case and overturn a lower court’s decision (v.)

The Smiths have already decided, if they lose their case, to appeal it to a higher court.

5. The quality or trait that makes something attractive or appealing (n.)

Many people have found that their key appeal toward DreyerCoaching is their chance to work with a native speaker guide.

6. To interest or attract something (v.)

Much social media keeps an addictive-like grip on millions by appealing to our inner FOMA: Fear of Missing Out! 

Appendix: 

Like “colon,” an appendix can be a part of the body OR a part of writing!

1. A thin, approximately 4-inch tube at the spot where the small intestine and large intestine meet. Its function is unknown. (n.)

If a person has appendicitis, then a doctor orders an appendectomy to remove the inflamed appendix.

2. Extra information added at the end of a formal paper or book. (n.)

The book Write Like a Champion has three appendices: words often confused, key word stems, and additional resources.

(Language note: Like “flamingo,” the word “appendix” has two correct plural forms. You can say “appendices” or “appendixes.”)

Approach: 

1. to come near or nearer in space or time (v.)

The train blew its whistle as it approached the crossing in order to warn the motorists to stop.

“As we approach the airport, you all need to return to your seats and fasten your seatbelts,” the pilot announced.

2. the act of coming near (n.)

The approach of Allied soldiers in early 1945 brought joy to those living under Nazi-occupied rule.

3. a method or way of doing something (n.)

Wise parents with more than one child know that they must use a different approach with each child, because no two kids are exactly the same.

Argument: 

1. A verbal disagreement, usually loud and angry (n.)

When parents disagree about something, which is very normal, they should try not to have an angry argument in front of the children.

2. A line of reasoning and logic (n.)

Charles tried to explain why he was voting for Smith for Mayor, but his argument made no sense to me. It seemed to be more emotion-based than factual.

3. The main point of an address (speech) or essay (n.)

“I want you to revise your essay and have a clearer argument,” Mr. Brill told Billy in AP English.

Arm:  

1. The part of the body that extends from the shoulder to the hand (n.)

Billy fell while running and skinned his arm.

2. The clothing that covers an arm like a shirt or coat sleeve (n.)

Levi is growing so fast, the arms of his shirts are all too short now.

3. weapons or guns (n.)

The Second Amendment (2A) to the US Constitution guarantees “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms.”

4. To supply weapons–or other materials–so people can fight (v.)

As a teacher, I try to arm my students with key information.

Culture Note: A Coat of Arms is a family crest or seal

Arrest: 

1. to stop or seize by legal authority (v.)

The police were able to arrest the thief within thirty minutes of his crime.

2. the act of stopping or being stopped (n.)

Aunt Mildren called 911 when Uncle Bill had a cardiac arrest.

Brushing your teeth regularly can arrest tooth decay.

Artery: 

1. (medical) Tubes in the body that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body (n., anatomy)

Grandpa had to have surgery to fix a blocked artery.  (See the word “block” below)

2. A major road or highway that carries lots of traffic (n.)

Kuang Fu Road is a major artery in Hsinchu, Taiwan. It passes by the Science Park.

As: 

1. to the same degree or extent (adv)

Joseph is only twelve but he is already as tall as his mother.

2. for example (adv.)
Some birds, such as the cardinal, have distinct plumage among the males versus the females.

3. since, because, at the same time (conjunction)

Please turn off the lights as you leave the room.

Balance:

1. an equal distribution of weight so a person or thing can remain upright (n.)

Pastor Melvin had amazing balance. At age 81, in his last sermon after 50 years as senior pastor of Halesford Baptist Church, he could still stand on one leg and kick the other leg to the side to emphasize some key points in his message.  (True story, folks!)

2. the state of equlibrium between varying forces or priorities (n.)

Most adults realize it is hard to maintain a healthy balance between work, family, and health.

3. To keep a person or item in a position where it does not fall or go to the side (v.)

Mimi enjoyed balancing her new granddaughter on her lap.

4. (accounting, banking) The amount of money in an account (n.)

Before you buy something you need to check your account balance to make sure you have enough money to cover the purchase.

5. a weighing scale with 2 bowls used to measure weight (n.)

Mr. Connor told us to keep adding salt to the right pan of the balance until it equaled 5 grams.

6. the remainder (n.)

“Today we will have our quiz first, then I will teach you about D-Day for the balance of the class,” Mr. Crawford told us.

Bald:

Bald Eagle

Bald tires

He told a bald lie!

Some bald men say, “grass doesn’t grow on a busy street.”

Ball: 

1. a round or egg-shaped mass, often thrown or kicked for sports (n.)

What many English speakers call “football,” Americans fall football. Americans call the game where you kick a black and white ball “soccer.” 

2. a formal dance party (n.)

Cinderella had to leave the Ball before midnight or her carriage would turn back into a pumpkin.

3. to crush or roll something up into a round shape (v.)

Sophia was so upset with her bad test grade, she balled up the paper and threw it in the trash can.

Bank: 

1. A financial institution that receives, safeguards, and loans money at interest (n.)

They are building a new bank on that busy corner.

2. To do business with a bank or financial institution (v.)

Mom and dad have been banking there for over twenty years; the bankers know my parents by name.

3. The edge of a stream or lake (n.)

Vic sat under a tree on the river bank and fished all day.

4. The tilt of a turning vehicle, especially an airplane (v.)

As the plane banked, we could all look down and see the lake.

Idiom: Making Bank

Meaning: Making a lot of money.

The girls hope to make bank with their new online business.

Bar:

1. A long stick or pole, usually of metal or wood, used to block or lock something (n.)

Here is an inspirational poem from Dale Carnegie:

“Two men looked out from prison bars,

one saw the mud, the other saw stars.”

2. A rectangular piece of solid material (n.)

Most kids would like to have a candy bar, while their parents would like to have a bar of gold.

3. A room or business that specializes in selling alcoholic beverages and sometimes food (n.)

Mike used to drop by the bar each day after work until he got married; now his wife wants him to come straight home at 5:00.

4. A high counter or platform where drinks or food can be served. (n.)

The waitress asked us when we entered the restaurant, “Do you want to sit at a table or at the bar?”

5. The railing in front of a judge in a courtroom (n.) (legal)

The judge said, “You may approach the bar.”

6. A system of courts; the career of lawyers or barristers (n.) (legal)

After years of study, she passed the bar exam and became a lawyer.

7. A vertical line across a music staff (n.) (music)

A bar line divides music into measures or bars. (source)

8. A quality standard (n.)

At DreyerCoaching.com, we always want to keep raising the bar of quality teaching.

My oldest brother set the bar high when he attended the College of William and Mary, the second-oldest university in the US.

9. A strip of icons or boxes on a computer screen (n.)

Click “File” on the toolbar to find your documents.

10. To confine or block by placing a bar across a door or opening (v.)

Grant barred the cage to keep his dog from getting out.

11. To ban, forbid or prohibit (v.)

Mom barred Billy from watching TV until he had cleaned his room.

12. bar code (aka barcode) a machine-readable, scannable code with numbers and parallel lines. (n.)

The first bar code was used in June 1974 on a pack of chewing gum. Learn more about this from Profile America.

Bark:

1. A sudden cry from an animal, like a dog. (n. v.)

Few things are more annoying than a dog that barks in the middle of the night.

2. The covering of a tree trunk (n.)

If you cut or damage much tree bark, the tree will probably die.

3. To issue a loud, sudden order or command (v.)

No one likes it when the boss gets in a bad mood and starts barking out orders.

Barrel: 

1. A large container, usually made of wood or plastic, with curved sides that make it wider at the middle. (n.)

American satirist Mark Twain claimed,  “When a boy turns 13, put him in a barrel and feed him through a knot hole. When he turns 16, plug up the hole.”

2. The long, metal tube on gun that the bullet passes through. (n.)

It is important to always clean the barrel after firing a gun.

The first time I visited the USSR in 1986, I was amazed to see the Czar Cannon inside the Kremlin. It has a huge barrel!

3. To travel in a fast, possibly dangerous way (v.)

We were barelling along the highway at 70  m.p.h. when a tire blew out.

Bat: This can be two nouns.

1. a long stick used to hit a baseball–it looks like this (n.)

Billy loves baseball and he got a new bat for Christmas.

2. a small, winged mammal that flies at night and eats bugs–it looks like this (n.)

I couldn’t believe it when a bat flew into the room during the PTA meeting one night–and I was even more shocked when Mr. Yang calmly grabbed it with his bare hands and threw it back outside. (True story, folks!)

“Bat” can also be a verb, “to hit with a baseball bat or paws.”

Even though the mouse was dead, the cat kept batting it around for fun.

Batter: This can be two nouns also.

1. the person who hits the baseball with a bat–like this (n.)

Edward is the best batter on our team.

2. a sticky mixture of flour, milk, eggs and water, used to make pancakes or cake–like this (n.)

Harmony mixed the batter then made delicious pancakes for breakfast.

“Batter” can also be a verb – it means to hit hard, many times

We were afraid the strong wind might batter the flag, so we took it down before the big storm hit.

Battery: 

Bear:  

1. a large mammal with shaggy hair (n.)

The black bear is more and more common in many parts of the Eastern USA.

2. to tolerate or endure (v.)

When she couldn’t bear the pain any more, she called the doctor.

3. suitable, fitting, or appropriate (v.)

The Golden Rule is about 2,000 years old but it bears repeating: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”

4. to support weight or hold up (v.)

That bridge is designed to bear up to 25 tons.

5. to give birth to a child (v.)

The remarkable Susannah Wesley–who happened to be the 25th child of 25—bore 19 children…ten of whom lived to adulthood! Her sons John and Charles founded the Methodist Church. Here are some parenting tips from her amazing life!

Bill: 

1. A statement showing that money is owed for a product or service (n.)

“Please bring me the bill,” dad asked the waiter as we finished our dinner.

2. A government-issued piece of paper worth a certain value (n.)

Did you know that every bill and coin of US money has the words “IN GOD WE TRUST”?

3. (Government) a proposed piece of legislation that has not yet been voted on to become an actual law (n.)

The 1975 Schoolhouse Rock cartoon “I’m just a Bill on Capitol Hill” explains how a bill becomes a law.

4. “Bill” is also a man’s name, short for “William” (n.)

Bill Clinton was the 42nd president of the United States. Ironically, he served right after George Bush Sr. and right before George Bush Jr.

Cultural Note: a 1969 hit song “Wedding Bell Blues” featured a woman pleading with her boyfriend Bill to marry her.

5. To send a bill or to charge for services (v.)

Mr. Hall will bill me for his work today.

6. a flat-shaped mouth for some kinds of water birds like ducks. (n.)

The black-faced spoonbill is a rare bird in East Asia; many of them winter at one spot in Southwest Taiwan. When I taught in the Hsinchu Science Park in the 1990s, there was a plan to build an industrial park in that area, which many feared would harm the spoonbills and maybe even drive them to extinction. I told my students about this and some of them wrote letters to try to stop the industrial park from being built there.

Joke: A duck walked into a drug store and asked for a tube of chapstick.
He told the clerk, “Put it on my bill.”

Blank: 

1. devoid (empty) of writing, images, or information (adj.)

“Writer’s Block” is the common problem of a writer facing a blank piece of paper or computer screen and having no idea what to say!”

2. Showing no interest or enthusiasm (adj.)

When the new teacher greeted his class on the first day of school and got  nothing but a bunch of blank stares, he knew it was going to be a long year.

3. An empty space to be filled in on a test or document (n.)

Fill-in-the-blank is a common kind of test item.

4. Empty gun cartridge, without the bullet (n.)

With the noise and smoke, the Civil War reenactors looked realistic even though they were only firing blanks.

Idiom: “Draw a blank” means to have no idea or be unable to remember something.

I know I’ve seen that lady before, but for the life of me I can’t rememer her name. I keep drawing a blank.

Block:

1. A square or rectangular mass, usually of wood or stone; it is usually solid but it can be hollow (n.)

Lots of little kids like to play with blocks.

2. A usually rectangular or square area in a city or town, with 4 streets along each side (n.)

When the kids were little, we often took them for a walk or run around the block.

3. the length of one street alongside a city block; the distance along one street from one street crossing to the next (n.)

Go down this street three blocks and you’ll see the Post Office on your left.

4. To stop something from moving or progressing (v.)

A goalie’s job is to block all incoming shots.

Board:

1. a piece of wood or other hard, smooth surface, usually rectangular or square, used for a certain purpose. (n.)

Dad repaired a rotten board on our deck.

Grace cut up the peppers on the cutting board. 

Our classroom has a whiteboard and a bulletin board.

2. A group of people responsible for running an organization; they usually have the power to fire the CEO.  (n.)

The Board of Directors will meet next Tuesday.

3. An official examination given by some medical or business organizations to certify the test-taker has certain skills. (n.)

Drew has been studying hard because his Boards for medical school are next month.

4. To get on a plane, bus, or train (v.)

“We will board in about 10 minutes, so go to the bathroom quickly,” mom told Megan.

5. Meal plan while one is at school or elsewhere (n.)

Going to college in the US is expensive. Not only do you have to pay tuition, but you will probably have to pay for room and board too.

Bolt:

1. A movable rod that can be moved back and forth to lock or unlock a door, gate, cage, etc. (n.)

Dad installed a bolt on the door so we could lock it if needed.

2. The act of sliding a bolt to close or lock a door. (v.)

“Bolt the gate after you leave the garden,” dad reminded us.

3. To run away quickly (v.)

When Daisy saw a squirrel on the grass, she bolted out the door to chase it.

Usain Bolt has an ironic and appropriate name: this man from Jamaica is one of the world’s fastest runners!

4. a flash of lightning (n.)

A bolt of lightning hit the tree and it fell over.

5. A standard unit to measure the length of a piece of cloth, etc. (A bolt of cloth is usually 100 yards, but not always) (n.)

Mom likes to go to fabric stores to look at the different kinds of bolts of cloth they have for sale.

Idiom: A bolt from the blue— a sudden, unexpected event

When the Baxters told us they were moving to Montana, it was a total bolt from the blue.

To learn more idioms, read our blog post!

Bow: (with a short-o sound; rhymes with “cow”)

1. the front of a ship (n.)

While Mike piloted the boat his wife sat on the bow, getting a suntan.

2. a respectful bend of the head, body or knee. (n., v.)

Mrs. Lewis reminded each male singer to make a respectful bow before beginning his song.

(with a long-o sound; rhymes with “go”)

1. a pretty tied ribbon (n.)

The store clerk tied up the package with a beautiful red bow.

Dr. Armistead sometimes likes to wear a bow tie to church.

2. an instrument to shoot an arrow. (n.)

Victor was an ace with the bow and arrow!

3. fiddlestick; strong piece of wood with hair or string attached, used to play some stringed instruments.

Jane always loosens her bow after the performs on her violin.

Bowl:  

1. A round container, open at the top, that can hold food. (n.)

Helen ate a bowl of oatmeal every morning for breakfast.

2. To play a game where one rolls a ball down a smooth lane to strike pins.  (v.)

Uncle Lee used to love to go bowling, but he doesn’t bowl as much any more.

3. A major football game at the end of the season to determine the best team. (v.)

Held annually in late January or early February, the Super Bowl is the most-watched sporting event in the US.

Branch: 

Break: 

1. to split something into pieces, or damage it so it can no longer be used or function (v.)

“Hold the dishes carefully so you don’t drop and break them,” Mom told Margaret.

2. to violate a law, promise, custom, etc. (v.)

“If you drive too fast, you’re breaking the law,” Dad told Mark.

3. break (a record): to do something better or faster than anyone else (v.)

Mason practiced his running so he could break the school speed record that David had set a few years earlier.

4. To interrupt a flow or movement (n. v.)

Many people think that “smart phones” are making us dumber, because all the texts and social media posts keep breaking our concentration.

5. a pause in an activity or trend (n. v.)

Mom and dad always stop for a fruit break at 10:00 am. (n.)

This rainy spell is supposed to break on Friday. (v.)

Break in: 

1. to forcefully break a lock, window, etc. and enter a place (n. v.)

Thieves were trying to break in our neighbor’s house until they heard the dog barking.

2. to interrupt something, especially a conversation (v.)

“Don’t break in when adults are talking,” mom told Jane.

Break out:

1. To bring out of storage or put into use.

Katie said, “Time to give the dog a bath. Break out the dog shampoo and towels!”

2. To escape from jail or confinement.

The prisoners dug a tunnel to break out of jail.

3. A bad eruption of acne (pimples) or a rash or other skin disorder.

Danny was afraid all the stress from school would cause him to have a bad break out right before school picture day.

4. A serious spread of a disease

The school was closed for two weeks due to the bad break out of the virus.

5. Breakout session/Breakout room (n.)

At a large conference or convention, there will be lectures and presentations for everyone to attend. After that, the attendees can get into smaller groups where they study a particular topic or brainstorm. These smaller groups are called breakout sessions, and the places they meet are called breakout rooms.

When the lecture is over at 11:00, we will all report to breakout sessions based on our particular areas of interest.

Break up:

1. The end of a relationship (often romantic), partnership, or association (n. v.)

Most high school romances end up breaking up, but a few couples get married and live happily ever after!

The Soviet Union broke up into 15 newly-independent countries in 1991.

2. Dispersal, or a gradual division into smaller parts (n. v.)

After two days of rain, the clouds began to break up and we could see the sun again!

3. (technology) a phone conversation is impossible to hear due to a poor connection (v.)

“You’re breaking up–please call me when you have a stronger signal,” Michael told me.

Brush: 

Buck: 

Bunting: 

“C” There are many ways to pronounce this letter when used in different words.

The letter “C” itself is pronounced like “see,” but the 3 C’s in “Pacific Ocean” are pronounced differently…and not even like how the letter itself is pronounced!

Cabinet:  

1. A cupboard with shelves or drawers for holding dishes, medicine, etc. (n.)

After the dishes are dry, we put them away in the cabinet.

Hank was curious about what grandma kept in her china cabinet.

2. (Government) In the US, UK, and many other countries, the cabinet is the group of the president’s or prime minister’s key advisers; each leads a specific department. (n.)

George Washington’s cabinet had only four members: Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Secretary of War; and Edmund Randolph, Attorney General.

Calculus:

1. A high-level branch of mathematics (n.)

Tony is taking calculus this year in high school.

2. A hardened plaque, also known as tartar, around the teeth (n.)

Once calculus forms on your teeth, only a dentist can remove it. It is too hard to be cleaned away by tooth brushing.

Calf: 

1. a young cow, elephant, whale, etc. (n.) (plural: calves)

Everyone on the farm was excited when the baby calf was born last spring!

2. The thickened part on the back of the lower human leg. (n.)

Matt pulled a muscle in his calf and had to skip a day of basketball practice.

Call Upon: 

1. To formally ask someone to do something; to ask for help (v.)

We usually call upon Grandpa to say a blessing before our Thanksgiving meal.

“I will Call Upon the Lord” is a popular Christian song. It means, we can always ask God for help when we need it.

Mary called upon the fire department when her cat got stuck in a tree.

2. To ask someone a question (v.)

Billy did not like to be called upon in class.

3. To visit someone (v.)

Tom hopes to call upon Aunt Ruth when he passes through North Carolina next week.

4. To make use of something; to use a resource; to rely on something (v.)

When he came to power in 1940, Churchill knew he would need to call upon all his speaking powers to rally the British Empire to stand alone against the madman Hitler.

Real World Story:

In a DreyerCoaching.com 1 on 1 class today, I was helping a student prepare for his TOEFL exam. One reading passage was about climate change: how much is natural vs. how much is man-made. (We were using the ETS Official TOEFL iBT Tests Volume 2 book, page 89.) One sentence read:

“Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.”

The question read:

The word “invoked” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. demonstrated

B. called upon

C. supported

D. expected

This student is a very bright young man who has been living in the US, attending an American high school, and attending DreyerCoaching.com classes for over one year. However, this question was very difficult for him. That showed me, I need to add “called upon” to our “English is a Crazy Language” blog post!  (The answer is “B.” This comes from definition #4 above: We cannot call upon, or rely on, volcanoes or solar activity to explain climate changes in the past few decades.)

Calling: 

1. the act of making a call (n.)

Please be quiet: I’m calling grandma right now.

Sometimes if you’re near the woods at night, you can hear owls calling.

2. a vocation or profession (n.)

Ever since I was in college, I felt a strong calling to be a teacher.

(Cultural note: “Vocation” is another word for “profession.” Do not confuse it with the word “vacation.” It has the stem “voc,” as in “vocal,” or “vocabulary.” Therefore, a “calling” or “vocation” are not just a way to make money, but reflect the actual guidance from God or a Higher Power for a specific person to do a specific job that he or she is uniquely qualified to do.)

Cap: 

What Am I? 

I sometimes wear a jacket.

But I never wear a cap.

Some children like to hold me

Just before they take a nap.

By Laura Sassi, in Clubhouse Jr. magazine, June 2021.

Capital:

1. the city that is the government seat of power for a country, state, etc. (n.)

Paris is the capital of France.

2. A city that is famous for some activity or endeavor (n.)

New York, the home of Wall Street, is the financial capital of the world.

3. Capital Letter: an upper-case letter (n.)

We usually write acronyms with capital letters: USA, FBI, UN, WHO, NATO, etc.

4. Money invested with the hope of generating a profit (n.)

Most new business owners struggle to raise enough capital to launch their companies.

Capitol: The building where a legislature meets to write laws for a state or country.

The beautiful US Capitol is a famous landmark in Washington D.C.

(Note: Many native speakers confuse “capital” with “capitol.” Use this trick my sister taught me: “capitol” has an O because the capitol building has a large DOME, which is O-shaped.)

Cardinal:

1. a wild bird common in much of North America; the male is bright red, while the female has a dull red/grayish color.  (n.)

Seven states–including Virginia–have chosen the cardinal as their state bird.

2. an important rule or guideline (n.)

When Mr. Woodson took us shooting, he explained the cardinal rules of handling a gun.

3. a high-ranking official in the Catholic Church (n.)

Church cardinals are easily recognizable by their bright red robes.

Catch: 

Cause:

Change:

1. The act of transformation, or becoming different (n.)

When Barack Obama ran for president in 2008, his campaign slogan was “Hope and Change.”

2. To make something transform or become different (v.)

It’s amazing how a young child can change so quickly. Sometimes a baby can look somewhat different in the morning than he or she did the night before!

3, To switch out, replace, or use something different (v.)

“Change your clothes before you mow the grass,” dad told me.

4. small coins (n.)

Back when we had pay phones, you had to have loose change in order to make a call.

Charge: 

1. To fill a battery with electricity (v.)

Can I charge my phone here? My battery’s dead.

2. The act of or state of a battery having electricity and power (n.)

I don’t know why my car won’t start. The battery still has a charge, so maybe the starter went bad.

3. To pay on credit instead of using cash (v.)

Mom does not believe in charging things, so she paid cash for her new dress.

4. To demand a price for a good or service (v.)

Many people can’t believe what doctors, dentists, and hospitals in the US charge for care! That’s why more people are demanding transparent pricing.

5. (legal) to accuse someone of breaking a law (v.)

The police officer charged Alan with speeding.

6. (legal) the accusation that someone broke the law (n.)

Many times in the US court system, the prosecution will drop more serious charges if the accused pleads guilty to lesser charges.

7. the act of making a bold attack (n.)

Most historians see Pickett’s Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863 as the turning point of the US Civil War. (Map)

8. to make a bold, angry attack (v.)

We were terrified when the mean dog charged at us.

9. To give a command or duty to someone (v.)

David was the most famous king in Israel’s history. Before he died, he gave this charge to his son, Solomon.

“When David’s time to die drew near, he commanded Solomon his son, saying, ² “I am about to go the way of all the earth. Be strong, and show yourself a man, ³ and keep the charge of the Lord your God, walking in his ways and keeping his statutes, his commandments, his rules, and his testimonies, as it is written in the Law of Moses, that you may prosper in all that you do and wherever you turn (….)”  I Kings 2:1-3 (English Standard Version)

10. Get a feeling of pleasant excitement from something (informal) (n.)

It’s always fun to see old people who still get a charge out of doing something new in life.

Check: 

1. the act of making an inspection (n.)

The airport mechanics give each plane a thorough check before take-off.

2. to carefully inspect or view (v.)

Always double-check to make sure you have your keys before  you lock your car.

3. a paper bank draft one can sign to send money to someone else (n.)

Since so many people do online banking and use credit cards today, fewer and fewer people write checks.

4. a hooked mark that shows approval or recognition (n.)

Martha smiled when she saw the big red check mark her teacher had put at the top of her paper.

5. a bill at a restaurant (n.)

“I can take the check when you’re ready,” dad told our waiter.

Chef: a professional cook (n.) (To make things more confusing, here the “ch” is pronounced “sh,” as in “sheep.”)

Richard wants to be a chef, so he went to culinary arts school.

Chief: (Here the “ch” sounds like it does in “church,” the more common sound.)

1. the leader of an Indian tribe (n.)

Sitting Bull was a famous Indian chief in American history.

2. a main or primary cause or reason (adj.)

The chief reason why Billy failed the class is because he refused to do any homework.

China: 

1. The country of East Asia with the world’s largest population. (n.)

DreyerCoaching is blessed to work with many fine students from Mainland China.

(Language note: when refering to the country, always capitalize the “C.”)

2. Fine, high-quality porcelain.  (n.)

Should we break out grandmother’s fine china for our Thanksgiving dinner?

(Language note: Since fine porcelain was invented in the country of China, that is why such dishes are called by that same name.)

Chip:

Choice: 

Class: 

1. an organized place for learning; a period of time for instruction (n.)

Some people find it hard to stay awake and alert in their class right after lunch.

2. A group of students in the same year who are taught in school or college  (n.)

The Junior Class is having a fundraiser to help pay for prom.

(Language note: “Junior Class” can mean grade 11 in high school OR third year of college; however, proms are for high school only. Also, “Class” used this way is usually capitalized.)

3. A group of students who graduate in the same year. (“Class” used this way is always capitalized.) (n.)

The Statler Brothers from Staunton, Virginia sang a famous song, “The Class of ’57 had its Dreams.” 

4. A large group of people in the same economic or social position (n.)

We grew up in a middle class neighborhood.

5. A group of goods or services ranked by quality or standard (n.)

DreyerCoaching aims to give our students world-class language skills!

Business class seats on airplanes are always more spacious than those in economy class.

6. A type or category, especially of plants or animals (n.)

There are six basic classes of animals.

7. a sign of sophistication, education, and style (n.)

Writing a Thank-you note after someone shows you a kindness shows good class.

8. very good (adj.)

Everyone agrees that Sue is a class act. She carries herself with charm and confidence.

Club:

1. A group of people who meet for social, professional, athletic, or political purposes. (n.)

For many people, belonging to a country club is a social outlet and a sign of wealth.

Here are eight reasons to join “the 5:00 AM Club.”

Tony wanted to start a math club at his high school.

2. A place of entertainment, usually open only at night, with an emphasis on eating, drinking, and dancing (n.) (aka nightclub)

3. A large stick, usually thicker at one end than the other, that can be used as a weapon (n.)

We often imagine a cave man holding a club, going hunting for meat.

4. Golf Club: the club used to hit a ball in golf (n.)

“Golf Club” has two meanings: it can be the stick you use to hit the golf ball, OR the club you join so you can play golf on their course. English is a crazy language!

5. A playing card with a black clover. (n.)

Diane won the card game when she played the ace of clubs.

6. Club Sandwich: a sandwich usually containing meat, lettuce, tomato, and mayonnaise; the bread is often toasted. (n.)

7. Clubbing: the activity, usually for younger adults, to go to several nightclubs in one night, to focus on dancing, drinking, and socializing. (n.)

Some college towns have their streets full on weekend nights as many students go clubbing for hours.

8. To beat with a stick or club (v.)

When dad saw a rattlesnake crawling toward Samantha, he grabbed a long stick and clubbed it.

9. A birth defect where a baby’s hand or foot does not form correctly (n.)

Idiom: Join the Club.

Meaning: If someone has a problem or situation that many other people have too, you can tell that person: “Join the club.”

Marge was complaining that her son in 7th grade wasn’t doing his homework and her friends just shook their heads and said, “Join the club.”

Want to learn more idioms? Read our blog post! 

Coast: 

1. The part of land by or near an ocean or large body of water; the area near the beach or shore. (n.)

Many believe the Amalfi Coast on Italy’s Mediterranean side is one of the most scenic parts of the world!

2. to travel with a vehicle without using power, usually downhill, in a car or on a bicycle. (v.)

When we had car trouble, we just coasted down Route 43 from the Blue Ridge Parkway at the top of the mountain into the tiny town of Buchanan, Virgnia, to look for a garage.

3. to progress or succeed with using little effort (v.)

Some people, when they know they are going to retire soon, just coast the last few years at work.

(Language Note: an effective way to beef up your writing and public speaking–especially when picking a title–is using a play on words. In England, most coal mines are owned by a large corporation. However, years ago a British newspaper reported on an independent group of coal miners who owned and operated their own coal mine. The article’s title was “Mining their Own Business.”  Using the word “coast,” a bicycle shop in beautiful Southwest Virginia is called East Coasters.  That is a play on words. The State of Virginia is on the East Coast of North America, and a person can “coast” on a bicycle downhill. Great business name!)

Coaster: 

1. a small piece of wood, ceramic, or other material, usually decorated, that you put a cup or glass on to protect the surface of furniture from liquid or heat.  (n.)

“Sweat” from a glass can leave a permanent ring on wood furniture, so it’s important to always use a coaster before putting a glass or cup down.

2. (Roller) Coaster: A large ride at an amusement park that consists of a train of cars that go up and down hills on a track. (n.)

The Loch Ness Monster is a popular roller coaster at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia.

Coat: 

1. a heavy, outer garment worn on the upper body–usually with sleeves–in cold weather (n.)

Mothers usually remind  their children to wear a coat in cold weather.

2. a natural covering of hair, fur, or wool on an animal (n.)

Daisy has a pretty, cream-white coat.

.

3. a covering of a large surface with a new material (n.)

Many times a good paint job requires a second coat.

Daisy has a white coat.

4. to cover with a new layer or covering of something (v.)

Beautiful snow coated the ground on Christmas morning.

Cold:

1. having low temperature (adj.)

Alaska is a beautiful state known for its cold winters.

2. feeling uncomfortable due to a lack of warmth; chilled (adj.)

“Remember your coat so you won’t get cold,” mom called out from the kitchen.

3. the absence of heat (n.)

It was basically the brutal cold that stopped the Nazi invasion of the USSR in World War II. The Russians grimly joked that their best commander was “General Winter.”

4. a common respiratory illness (n.)

(Language note: we usually refer to this as “a cold” or “catch a cold.”)

If you catch a cold, it’s best to stay home for a day or two so you don’t spread the germs.

5. marked by a lack of compassion, caring, or human warmth (adj.)

She gave us a cold stare as we entered the room.

“To give somebody the cold shoulder” is an idiom that means to be unfriendly and unwelcoming to someone.

6. without adequate preparation (adv.)

Don’t take the SAT, TOEFL, or other big exam cold; join a DreyerCoaching class and let a guide prepare you for success!

7. not prepared or warmed-up (adj.)

Most people in sales are scared of making cold calls; it’s much easier to contact a prospect who has already expressed interest in your product or service.

Colon: 

1. The punctuation mark (:) that can be used to show: (n.)

• information is coming in a list or as a surprise. (We drove to the end of the road and there it was: the Grand Canyon!)
• the salutation for a formal letter. (Dear Dr. Armistead:)
• the difference between the hour and minutes. (We will meet at 5:30.)
• the chapter and verse from the Bible. (John 3:16 is one of the most famous verses in the Bible.)
• a ratio or relationship. (dog : animal :: cardinal : bird)  These are called analogies, and you would say it this way: “Dog is to animal as cardinal is to bird.”

With just a little practice, you can know when  to use the colon and semi-colon. The book Write Like a Champion can help you!

2. (medical) The tube connecting the large intestine to the rectum (n.)

Eating lots of fiber and staying physically active are good ways to try to avoid colon cancer.

3. (economic) Colón  The previous unit of currency for the small Central American nation of El Salvador (n.)

(Culture note: El Salvador means “the Savior” in Spanish. This is one more example of the huge impact of Christianity on western civilization.)

The Colón used to be the El Salvadoran currency. However, since 2001, their official currency has been the US dollar! 

4. (geography)  Colón   The second-largest city in the country of Panama.

Colón City is at the eastern end of the Panama Canal, right on the Caribbean Sea.

Spelling Matters! A friend of mine was once in South Asia. He saw a neighborhood that was called “CANAL COLONY.” However, the sign was very old and two letters had dropped off and no one had repaired it. So now the community sign reads: ANAL COLON.

Commercial: 

Compact: 

1. Organized in an efficient way so that much is placed into a small space (adj.)

When gas prices are high, many people see the advantages of having a compact car.

Mom and dad’s home office is very compact, so they have to keep it tidy and organized.

2. Stuck close together in a tight, dense way (adj.)

This soil is too compact for it to be a good garden space. Maybe you need to add some worms or compost.

3. To tightly press together into a ball or tight space (v.)

Victor and David liked to compact the snow as tightly as possible, to make the best snowballs to throw.

4. A small, flat case that holds a woman’s face powder (n.)

Mom tries to always keep a compact in her purse in case she needs it.

5. A formal agreement or commitment between two or more people, organizations, or countries. (n.)

The 1620 Mayflower Compact is seen as a key document on the road to American and even world democracy.

Company:

1. A business that produces goods or services to help people and make a profit (n.)

DreyerCoaching is a company dedicated to providing excellence in education.

2. The state of having someone with you; the person or people who are with you; guests; companions (n.)

Mom says we will be entertaining company this weekend.

Mom says we will be entertaining company this weekend.

Compose: 

1. The act of producing music, poetry, or formal writing (v.)

It is amazing that Beethoven was able to keep composing music even after he had lost his hearing! 

2. To be formed of various things or elements (v.)

The prom committee is composed of sophomores, juniors, and seniors.

3. To become calm, or appear calm, after being angry, upset, or afraid (v.)

It was impressive how quickly Beth was able to compose herself after learning that her boyfriend had broken up with her.

Composition: 

1. The act of writing; an essay for school (n.)

If you want to improve your composition skills, consider joining a writing class with DreyerCoaching.com!

2. A musical piece, or the act of writing a piece of music (n.)

The amazing Scott Joplin, called “The King of Ragtime,” created some 100 compositions in his lifetime. Among the most famous are The Entertainer and Maple Leaf Rag.

3. The way in which someone or something is made up or put together; property. (n.)

The neighborhood’s demographic composition keeps changing over the years.

4. The way something is organized; structure. (n.)

Christ in the Wilderness by Russian artist Ivan Kramskoy has an eerily simple composition: Jesus is sitting barefoot and alone, in an empty, rocky place.

Conceive:

1. To imagine something or create a plan (v.)

Before 9-11, most normal people could not conceive that someone could be so evil as to want to hijack a civilian plane and crash it into an occupied building.

2. to become pregnant (v.)

The Smiths have been wanting to have a baby for a long time, so everyone was delighted to hear they had conceived and would be expecting their little one in November.

Condition:

1. the state something is in (n.)

Uncle Steve is a mechanic and he always keeps his cars in top condition.

2. a physical situation or environment that affects those in it (n.)

Our flight was delayed because of poor weather conditions.

Jane had to quit her job because the working conditions were so negative and toxic.

3. An “only if” requirement that must be met before something else can be done (n.)
“I’ll let you watch a movie on Friday, under one condition: if you all do your homework tonight,” Mr. Crawford told his students.

4. A type of disease or physical disability; a state of not operating properly (n.)

Due to some underlying physical conditions, Lee is not able to lift heavy items at work.

5. To train a person or animal to do something automatically, without thinking about it (v.)

As soon as Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, the evil Nazis began a full-press campaign in the media and schools to condition the German people to look down on the Jews, the mentally and physically disabled, and many other groups as less than fully-human. All that set the stage for the evil Holocaust.

Confidant vs. Confident: (Note: both have the stem “con” which means “with” and “fid” which means “faith, trust.”)

Confidant:

A person you can trust enough to tell secrets to (n.)

Going back to our college days, Tom is a confidant I can tell anything to and I know he will keep it under his hat.

Confident: 

Being certain of abilities or people, plans, or the future (adj.)

Many parents get braces for their children in hopes a straight smile will make them more confident.

Do you want to be more confident with your language skills? DreyerCoaching can help!

Confidence:

State of being certain and sure of one’s abilities, plans, the future, etc. (n.)

Sometimes there is a fine line between confidence and arrogance. Being able to be confident yet also remain humble is challenging.

(Keep) in confidence:

a secret; something told in private with the idea it will be kept private

“This meeting will be kept in strict confidence,” our manager told us.

Life lesson: This message explains why it is important to be able to keep secret things that are told us in confidence.

Console: 

Content:

Contribute to:

to voluntary give money or effort

to cause something to happen

Conventions: 

Some standardized tests like Terra Nova have a category called “Writing Conventions.”

Conviction:
“Convictions don’t explode, they slowly erode.”  — Charles Swindoll

Cooler:

Corps vs. Corpse: 

Even President Obama got this pronunciation mixed up.

He pronounced “corpsman” as “corpse man” — like a dead body! Watch here.

Count: 

Counter: 

Country: 

a country vs. the country

Craft:

1. a kind of art or project made by hand, using skill (n.)

Arts and Crafts is a favorite activity for many children at Vacation Bible School (VBS).

2. A kind of profession or skill (n.)

At DreyerCoaching, we only invite teachers who are skilled at the teaching craft.

3. skill, dexterity, ability (n.)

Deborah Dreyer shows amazing craft when she makes her art pieces.

(Cultural/historical note: during World War II, a big hit song was the 3 Andrews Sisters singing “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B.”

The first lyrics are:

He was a famous trumpet man from out Chicago way.

He had a boogie style that no one else could play.

He was the top man at his craft.

But then his number came up and he was gone with the draft.

4. Cunning, deceit, trickery (n.)

The fox is known as an animal of great craft—he outfoxed the crow!

(crafty: adj. In many legends, the fox is a crafty animal.)

5. Ships or airplanes (n.)

Thousands of craft–more than ever before or since 1944–filled the skies and the English Channel on D-Day.

6. to make or manufacture something with great skill, pride, and attention to detail (v.)

When writing, it takes time and thought to carefully craft your arguments.  At DreyerCoaching, we can help you improve your writing! 

If you see a product with a label that says “Crafted with Pride in USA” that means the item was manufactured in the US.

Crater:  

Critical:

Cross:   (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. a T-shaped form the Romans used for public executions. (n.)

Jesus was nailed to a Cross on Good Friday.

2. to go over a street, path, river, etc. (v.)

Be careful when you cross the street.

3. angry, ill-tempered (adj.)

Little Billy was so cross, his mom sent him to bed early.

Crow:   (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. The loud call a rooster and some other birds make (n. v.)

The rooster crowed at dawn and woke everybody up.

2. A species of large, black wild bird

“The Crow and the Fox” is a famous fable from the Greek storyteller Aesop.  (See also the word “craft” above)

3. To boast about something (v.)

No one likes to be around Janet: she’s always crowing about how smart and great she is.

Cry:  (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. to shed tears; weep (v.)

“Don’t cry,’ Mom told Peter when he dropped his ice cream cone.

2. to scream and shout in a loud voice (v.)

The loon, which appears on the Canadian one dollar coin, has a haunting and distinctive cry.

3. The loud sound one makes while screaming or expressing pain or grief (n.)

John let out a loud cry when he hit his thumb with a hammer.

Curious:

Current: 

Dash:

One reading in our advanced vocabulary book is entitled “A Hope Dashed.”

Date:

1. A day of the month or year, specified by a number (n.)

Christmas in the US always falls on the same date: December 25. 

2. A social or romantic appointment (n.)

Bill and Mary are going out on their first date this coming Friday night.

3. The chewy, sweet fruit that comes from the date palm tree. (n.)

Dates make a healthy fruit snack.

Funnybone:

I had a date last night. It was really sweet.

I think I’ll try a fig tonight.

4. To mark or provide a specific date (v.)

Please date and sign the check.

5. To fix or determine a point in time (v.)

This pottery dug up at Jamestown, Virginia dates from the early 1600s, shortly after the English started their colony there.

Decorated: 

Degree: 

1. (science) a unit of measurement for the temperature (n.)

Virginia has usually hot summers; it is normal to have daytime temperatures of 90 degrees Fahrentheit (32 degrees Celcius).

2. (math) a unit of measurement from a 360-degree circle (n.)

The flag was flying at a 90 degree angle from the flagpole during the high wind.

3. (education) a diploma or certificate of completion from a field of study (n.)

Students get a “Certificate of Completion” at the end of each full academic year of study with DreyerCoaching.com, but we never issue diplomas or degrees because, at DreyerCoaching.com, “the learning never stops.”

Scott graduated with a four-year history degree from the College of William and Mary. Established in 1693, the second-oldest college in the USA, and right next door to Colonial Williamsburg, it’s a great place to study history because it’s all around you!

Liberty University, the biggest Christian university in the world, has a clever marketing slogan: “Changing the world one degree at a time.”

4. an extent, limit, amount, level, or intensity (n.)

To what degree do you agree with this statement: “Failure is the Mother of Success”?

Michelle experienced a high degree of stress at her new job.

5. (medical/legal) the level of seriousness of an injury, burn, damage or crime (n.)

Ann had a second-degree burn when she spilled a cup of coffee on herself.

The judge charged the gunman with first-degree murder.

Delegate: 

Delegation: 

Depress:  

(Language Note: the stem “de-” means “down or away.”)

1. To make one feel sad or gloomy (v.)

These three days of clouds and rain are really depressing me!

2. To make weak or dull (v.)

Drinking alcohol can depress your thinking and response time, so NEVER drink and drive!

3. To lower or reduce in value (v.)

If you don’t mow your grass or keep your house looking attractive, it will depress your home value and those of your neighbors.

4. To press down (v.)

If you depress this button, an alarm will sound.

Depression: (This is the common noun form of the verb below.)

1. (medical, psychological) Prolonged feelings of extreme sadness, hopelessness, gloom, and dejection  (n.)

If you ever feel like you are suffering from depression, please do not feel afraid to ask for help! (Learn more about depression here.)

2. (economic) A serious, prolonged downturn in the economy with massive unemployment. (n.)

The Great Depression impacted much of the world for much of the 1930’s.

3.  (geographic) An area that is lower than the surrounding areas (n.)

California’s famous Death Valley is a natural depression–it is actually below sea level.

4. (weather; meteorological) Tropical Depression: a low-pressure system that originates in the tropics and has top wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less. (These can often form into hurricanes) (n.)

Many tropical depressions that form over the Atlantic Ocean near West Africa gradually move west and hit the US East or Gulf Coasts.

Desert: a large, dry area, usually with lots of sand (n.)

Much of the American West is desert.

Desert: (military) to abandon one’s post or job without permission (v.)

(The verb “desert” is pronounced like the noun “dessert.” English is a crazy language!)

During World War II, Soviet dictator Stalin had a cruel way to handle soldiers who tried to desert from the front lines fighting the Nazis–Stalin had a second row of soldiers who shot all deserters dead!

Dessert: a sweet dish eaten at the end of a meal (n.)

Ice cream is dad’s favorite dessert.

(Note: Many native speakers confuse the spellings of “desert” and “dessert.” You can remember “dessert has 2 s’s, because you always want more dessert!)

Funnybone:

Q. What do you call a person who gives up on a diet?

A. A desserter!

Detail: 

Device: 

Digest:

Discipline:

1. The act of correcting or punishing bad behavior (n.)

If a teacher cannot maintain order and discipline in a classroom, he or she cannot teach the students anything.

2. Correcting or punishing bad behavior (v.)

The Bible tells parents, “Discipline your children while there is hope. Otherwise you will ruin their lives.”  — Proverbs 19:18 (New Living Translation)

3. The quality or ability to behave in a controlled way and obey rules and standards; self-control (n.)

It takes incredible discipline to wake up at 5:00 every morning and go running.

4. A field or subject of academic study, especially at the university level. (n.)

Most colleges require their students to take classes from a variety of disciplines before they can graduate. The goal should be to produce well-rounded students who have a broad background of knowledge.

Determine/Determined: 

Die/Dye:   Dying/Dyeing:

Not only is English a crazy language, but there are so many DIFFERENT KINDS of English, each with its own accent, specific vocabulary, etc. For example:

A man in Australia met a new arrival there from America. The Aussie asked the American, “Did you come here today?” and the American replied, “No, I came here to live.”

Diet:

1. a special set of foods one eats for health or weight reasons (n.)

“I’m going on a diet right after Christmas,” lots of people say.

2. to restrict how much food you eat, in order to lose weight (v.)

It takes a lot of self-discipline to diet.

3. the kinds of foods a person or animal habitually eats (n.)

Everyone knows rice is a main staple of the South China diet, but fewer people know that wheat is a staple in the North China diet.

4. The official name for the Japanese legislature is the National Diet of Japan (n., political)

The US has a Congress, the UK has a Parliament, and Japan has a Diet–these bodies make their countries’ laws.

Does:

1. The third-person singular form of the verb to do.

2. female deer (plural)

English is a crazy language! This is a real sentence:  The buck does funny things when the does are present. 

Draft: 

1. a version of a piece of writing, starting with the rough draft and ending with the final draft (n)

When you take a writing class with DreyerCoaching, the teacher will give you a topic (prompt), you write the first draft at home, then you revise in class the next time to get your final draft.

2. Forced military service; conscription (n)

The US had a military draft during the Vietnam War but has had a volunteer military since 1972.

3. (sports) to choose a player to play for a certain team (n., v)

The New York Yankees chose him in the first draft.

4. a current of air moving through a room; it is often cold and uncomfortable (n)

The draft made the candle flicker so mom told me to close the window.

5. a written order for money to be paid from one bank to another (n)

We will pay for his English classes with a bank draft. 

6. to make a preliminary essay, sketch, or plan (v.)

Can you draft a letter to help our boss understand our current problem?

(Cultural/historical note: during World War II, a big hit song was the 3 Andrews Sisters singing “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B.”

The first lyrics are:

He was a famous trumpet man from out Chicago way.

He had a boogie style that no one else could play.

He was the top man at his craft.

But then his number came up and he was gone with the draft.

Draw: 

1. to make a picture of something, usually with a pencil or pen (v.)

Deborah has always been gifted in art; she used to draw sketches of her classmates in primary school.

2. to attract interest or attention; that which attracts or compels (v.,n.)

Zig Ziglar was an amazing motivational speaker; for decades, even into his 80’s, he was able to draw huge crowds across the country.

I don’t understand why Katie likes Mike. What’s the draw?

3. to grow closer in space or time (v.)

As the end of the school year draws nearer, we see both kids and teachers looking happier!

This is the first sentence in Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday:

“The year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies.”  You can read the entire proclamation here.

4. to choose a number or card in a game or competition (v.)

“Draw another card,” Mike told me.

5. to move or pull as if by force (v)

Kaylee seems like a controlling person; she likes to draw people away from their friends and family and get them to follow her.

6. to cause a substance like blood or water to come out (v)

The cat scratch was so bad, it drew blood.

As a child, Aunt Lou had to go behind the school and draw water out of the well with a bucket.

7. a tie in a game or competition (n.)

Both teams played hard but the game ended in a draw, 3-3.

8. (geography) a small valley surrounded by 2 steep sides  (n.)

The trail went up the draw alongside the creek, and there was a waterfall at the end.

Cultural note: The 1948 song “Ghost Riders in the Sky” has lyrics about imaginary cows going “up the cloudy draw.”

“When all at once a mighty herd of red-eyed cows he saw… A-plowing through the ragged sky, and up the cloudy draw.”

Drawing:

1. the act or art of making a picture or sketch by using a pencil or pen (n.)

Deborah has an amazing gift of drawing and painting.

2. The selection of a winning chance or ticket from a lottery or raffle (n.)

When we visited Taiwan and five cities in Mainland China in the spring of 2018, we gave away tickets at each public event and the winners of the drawing got free classes or discounted tuition as prizes.

Dress: 

1. an outer article of clothing for a girl or woman (n.)

Bridget wondered which dress to wear to the party.

2. a style of clothing, garb (this can be fortraditio men, women, and children) (n.)

Some Asian couples like to be photographed in traditional dress for their wedding pictures.

3. to put on clothing (v.)

It takes Billy about 30 minutes to take a shower, get dressed, and eat breakfast.

4. suitable for formal occassions (adj.)

Dad always wears his dress shoes to church.

5. (hunting) to clean out the insides of an animal that one hunted, and keep the meat (v.)

Mr. Woodson field dressed the deer before putting it in the back of his truck.

Drill: 

1. A hand tool or machine used for making holes in wood, teeth, etc. (n.)

Gareth hoped he would get a new drill for Christmas.

2. The act of using a drill to make a hole. (v.)

The dentist drilled out the cavity to make room for the filling.

3. A kind of practice or training that usually involves continued repetition of a certain act; may be a military exercise, school review, etc. . (n., v.)

On December 7, 1941, when the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, one American radio operator broadcast: “Attack on Pearl Harbor. This is no drill!”

“We have had lots of fire drills at school lately,” Tony remarked.

4. To tell someone something over and over; to repeat something (v.)

Mom drilled over and over again, “Study hard! And get outside and get some fresh air too!”

Idiom: You know the drill.

Meaning: You already know the rules and procedure to do something; you already know what is expected of you.

Our teacher told us as she passed out the tests: Write your name and date on your paper, and answer each question clearly. No looking around. You know the drill.”

Drive:

1. the act of operating a car, truck, or other motor vehicle (v.)

Many young Americans look forward to being old enough to drive on their own.

2. the journey one makes while driving a car or truck (n.)

The Blue Ridge Parkway, which goes right past the world headquarters of DreyerCoaching.com, has been called one of the most scenic drives in America.

3. the motivation or impulse to do something (n. v. )

What drives her to keep changing boyfriends?

4.  to push or carry someone or something along; to propel (v.)

The waves drove the boat to the shore.

Duck:

1. a kind of waterfowl with a short neck, large bill, and webbed feet. (n.)

Mallard ducks are common and easily recognizable in North America–the males have bright green heads.

2, the flesh of these birds used for food (n.)

We had duck for dinner one night on the cruise ship.

3. to suddenly lower the head or body (v.)

Sometimes you have to duck down when you tour old homes because the doors are so small.

4. to avoid (v.)

Politicians like to duck hard questions during debates.

Dull:  

1. not sharp (adj.)

It’s hard to cut anything with a dull knife.

2. drab; not bright colors; not shiny (adj.)

Male cardinals are bright red while the females are a duller color.

3. Boring (adj.)

That math class is so dull, I can hardly stay awake.

4. Not very smart or intelligent.

Paul is kind of dull.

5. not keen, sharp, or sensitive. (adj.)

Mike has a dull sense of  hearing since he listened to loud noises for years.

Hebrews 5:11 (ESV) in the Bible says:  “About this we have much to say, and it is hard to explain, since you have become dull of hearing.”

Dwell:

Dwelling:

Emigrate:  (Note: do not confuse with “immigrate”)

To leave one’s native country and move to a new country to reside there permanently (v.)

My wife emigrated from Taiwan in 1999 with our family so we could live in the US.

(Language tip: Think of the “e” in EXIT to help you remember that EMIGRATE is to move OUT. Think of the “i” in IMMIGRATE to remember to move IN.)

Engage:  

1. a man proposes marriage to his girlfriend and she accepts (v.)

It was on the rare date of February 29 when my wife and I got engaged as she accepted my marriage proposal.

2. to hire or employ someone (chiefly British) (v.)

The Smiths have decided to engage the services of a housekeeper to help with their cleaning.

3. to grab and keep someone’s interest in a subject (v.)

Writers must create a strong hook. If you don’t engage your readers in the first few lines, they will probably leave you.

4. To be involved, active with, in physical or emotional contact with (v.)

When I walked in the classroom, the students were engaged in a spirited discussion about who had the highest GPA.

The tractor shuddered slightly as the gears engaged.

5. Busy or occupied (adj.) (Chiefly British)

I tried calling the office many times, but the line was always engaged.

6. To attack or begin to fight (military) (v.)
At the Battle of Antietam in the Civil War, Union forces under General Hooker engaged the Confederates under “Stonewall” Jackson shortly after dawn.

Entertain: 

(This word with 3 meanings is also in Book 4 of the vocabulary series we use.)

Scott Joplin composed the famous song The Entertainer.

Execute (v)/Execution (n):

1. the act of killing a prisoner or hostage (n)

In Singapore, the number of executions for drug charges was 11 in 2018.

2. To carry out, complete, or finish a plan (n)

The Nazi execution  of their invasion of Poland in September 1939 was so brutally efficient, it gave the English language a new word: blitzkrieg, “Lightning War.” 

3. The act of creating a work of art or difficult physical or sports feat (n)

The execution score for gymnastics begins with a perfect 10. (source)

Exhaust(ed):

1. Exhaust (n) waste gases expelled from an engine as it runs

The police stopped the car because it was pouring out a poisonous cloud of black exhaust.

2. Exhaust (v.) to completely use up, drain, or tire out

Mother felt exhausted after a long day in the city.

If farmers keep growing the same crops on the same soil year by year, it can exhaust the soil so it is no longer rich or fertile.

(True story: Once at a church dinner in Taiwan, a church friend from India noticed we were out of paper cups so he told me, “The cups are exhausted.” I knew what he meant: that the cups were all gone. However, as a speaker of American English, he gave me a mental image of lots of TIRED paper cups wanting to sleep! I love this funny story because it is true, involved a dear friend of mine, and it shows how English is a GLOBAL language with many different expressions and forms!)

Expression:

Extract: 

Face:

1. The front part of the head, from the chin to the scalp. (n.)

Abraham Lincoln had a great sense of humor. When someone accused him of being two-faced, he reportedly replied: “If I had another face, do you think I’d wear this one?”

2. A look or expression (n.)

A corny joke goes: A horse walked into a bar. The barkeeper asked, “Why the long face?”

3. To look in the direction of (v.)

“Face the camera,” dad told all of us.

4. To be physically oriented toward something; to offer a view of something (v.)
Mom wanted to be sure our hotel room faced the ocean.

Facility:  

Fair:

Fan:

Fashion:

Fast: 

Fellowship: (n.)

1. A strong sense of community and unity with like-minded people (this is often a religious word)

A major reason many people go to church is the fellowship they enjoy there.

2. a scholarship or special study opportunity, or a period of work for a medical or dental student after their residency

Billy was awarded a fellowship to go to South America to study sloths.

Thomas  is getting a two-year fellowship at the local hospital.

Fiddle: 

Idiom: “Nero fiddled while Rome burned.”

Field:

Fine:

Check out this “Singapore is a fine city” t-shirt!

Fire:  (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. burning material (n.)

It’s fun to huddle around a roaring fire on a cold evening.

2. the act of shooting a gun, cannon, missile, or other related weapons (v.)

“Fire!” the captain cried after aiming the cannon.

3. the act of making an employee leave a job involuntarily (v.)

“If you show up at work late one more time, go ahead and bring a box with you so you can clear out your desk an take all your stuff home, because I will fire you,” Dave Ramsey told his often-tardy employee.

Fit: 

1. to be of the right size or shape; to be appropriate, suitable (v.)

This new shirt doesn’t fit, so I’ll have to take it back to the store.

2. to be appropriate, suitable (adj.)

This sentence is in the second paragraph of Abraham Lincoln’s Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday. (You can read the whole proclamation here.)

“It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American People.” (adj.)

3. to be physically and mentally healthy (adj.)

Walking outside is a great and inexpensive way to stay both mentally and physically fit.

Fix:

Flamingo:

(Like “appendix,” the word “flamingo” has two correct plural forms. You can write flamingos or flamingoes.)

Float:

Flop: 

Fly: 

“Your fly is open,” dad whispered to Billy.

Foot: 

Football:  (vs. Soccer)

Foster: 

Frank: 

Aiming to counter widespread censorship on much of Big Tech, My Pillow founder Mike Lindell has launched a free-speech alternative social media called…Frank! 

Fruitcake:

Game: This can be either a noun or adjective

1. an entertainment done for fun (noun)

Monopoly has been a famous and popular game ever since it was created in the 1930s.

2. a sporting competition event (noun)

We have a baseball game at 4:00 today.

3. a reference to wild animals that can be hunted for sport and eaten (noun, adjective)

Turkeys are a popular game bird; however, they are so smart, they are often hard to kill.

Funny story: I once heard this tale on National Public Radio. Back in the days before the Internet, a family had reserved a vacation cabin deep in the woods of the US State of Maine.  After the parents had made the reservation, they got a brochure, explaining all the amenities the cabin had to offer. The kids looked the brochure over, and were delighted to see their vacation home had a “game room.” Game room! The kids started thinking and wondering: what kinds of games would be in the room? And on the LONG drive to Maine, the kids kept thinking and discussing in the car what games they might find there: foosball? pinball machines? pool? chess? cards?   The miles and hours passed, the family entered Maine, and they finally drove up to the cabin. Breathless with excitement, the kids jumped out of the car and ran into the cabin. Then, a loud SCREAM ripped through the cabin and the Maine woods. Why? The children found their Game Room– a room full of the stuffed heads of dead animals! Yes, the cabin DID have a “Game Room,” but it was not at all what the kids had hoped for!

4. “be game” is also an idiom. It means “to be willing to do or try something.”

“Who wants to go the beach this weekend?” Mike asked his friends.

“I’m game,” John replied.

Garage: 

General: 

Many trash cans in Taiwan have the English label translated as “General Garbage.”

Gesture: 

(This word and its 2 main meanings are in the vocabulary book series we use at DreyerCoaching.)

Glass/Glasses:

Grace: 

Grade:

Grain:

Grandfather: 

Grasp: 

Gravity: 

This sentence comes from our blog post about 9/11:

Only after we disembarked and entered the terminal did we passengers realize the gravity of [the pilot’s] message.

Gross: 

Ground:

Grounds: 

At the University of Virginia (UVA), they have a special lingo dating back to the Thomas Jefferson era. For example, at UVA, they do not refer to their “campus.” They refer to the “grounds.”

Hamburger:

Hang  (Hung/Hanged): 

In this adaptation of an excerpt from “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,” a stort story set in Civil War times, a man is about to be hanged.

–Barron’s SAT. 29th edition,   p. 707

Harp:

Funnybone: “My wife is a real angel. She’s always up in the air, harping about something!”

Head: 

This passage comes from our blog post about 9/11.

Everyone watched in utter disbelief at the visions of collapsing towers and a burning section of the Pentagon. When we finally regained some composure, we headed to our airline’s information desk to find out what to do next.

Hide: 

Hold: 

“Hold the mayo,” Tim told the waitress.

Hold up:

Today I taught a student this actual newspaper headline: “Red tape holds up bridges.” It uses meaning #1, that red tape was delaying construction of new bridges, but it can also sound like meaning #3 or #7, that pieces of red tape are actually holding bridges up in the air (which is impossible). To learn what the idiom “red tape” means, check out my blog post.

Scroll down to the end of this blog to see three passages my Advanced Writing students wrote, using “hold up” in nine different ways!

(Do not confuse “hold up” with “holed up,” even though they sound the same.)

Holed up: (v.) to be hiding, as in hiding deep in a hole so no one can find you

After a three-day search, the police found the suspect holed up in a small shack outside of town.

Mom was not happy to find a snake holed up in our basement closet!

Read this article from March 2020 about former US Speaker of the House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich, holed up in a palace while Italy is in lockdown.  He is Italy because his wife is US Ambassador to the smallest country in the world, the Holy See, the Vatican.

Hot:

Immigrate:  (Note: do not confuse with “emigrate”–even they both sound the same)

To move IN to a new country with the purpose of living there permanently. (v.)

I met a German couple that had immigrated to the US a few decades earlier–they were very kind and helped me learn German.

(Language tip: Think of the “e” in EXIT to help you remember that EMIGRATE is to move OUT. Think of the “i” in IMMIGRATE to remember to move IN.)

Interest: 

Iris:

Issue: 

General Lewis “Chesty” Puller was a famous US Marine general during WW II and the Korean War. Once a young marine asked him for leave to go get married. Gen. Puller replied: “Son, when the Marine Corps wants you to have a wife, you will be issued one.”

Jacket:

What Am I? 

I sometimes wear a jacket.

But I never wear a cap.

Some children like to hold me

Just before they take a nap.

By Laura Sassi, in Clubhouse Jr. magazine, June 2021.

Just:

Even native speakers get this confused! I recently texted a teacher on our team, “Just quit.”

(Language note: The prefixes un, im, or in can all mean “no” or “not.” Normally, the adjective and noun form of such a word start with the same prefix, as in “impossible” and “impossibility.”  However, for “just,” the opposite adjective is unjust, while the opposite noun is injustice.)

Key:

Keep: 

Kind: 

Lab:

Even though Daisy is an Australian Cattle Dog, the vet says she looks like a Golden Lab.

Lap:

Last: 

Lay/Lie:

Lean: 

Leaves:

Left:

Lent: 

Level: 

Light:

Limp:

Line: 

Litter: 

1. Trash or garbage; this word especially denotes trash carelessly thrown on the ground or alongside the road or path. (n.)

The Boy Scout troop volunteered to pick up litter in the park one Saturday.

2. The group of puppies, kittens, or other offspring born to a mammal at one time (n.)

How shocked we were on April 20, 2021, to learn that Mrs. Abbott’s family’s dog Patches and our Daisy were from the same litter born in 2012!

3. Absorbant material used to line an animal’s cage or litterbox.

Mom asked me to buy a bag of kitty litter at the grocery store today.

4. to make untidy by carelessly throwing away trash (v.)

Many highway signs say “Don’t Litter.”

5. to be scattered about in a disorganized way (v.)

No wonder Jean can never find her homework. Her room is littered with papers, books, clothes, and food wrappers strewn all about.

Live:

Long: 

Make-up:

Major: 

Mark: 

Market: 

Match: 

 Matter:

Medium: 

Jamirah attends an English medium school in Hong Kong.

Might: 

Mind:

Mine:

1. used to show ownership by the speaker (possessive pronoun)

One of the first words most small children learn to say is “mine!” 

2. a place where the ground is dug open to extract ores, minerals, coal, etc. (n.) (See also “quarry”)

This is in the first paragraph of Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday:

“(…) the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore.”  (You can read the whole proclamation here.)

3. the act of working in a mine (v.)

In and around West Virginia, men of many generations have mined coal.

4. (military)  an hidden, explosive device designed to explode upon impact; to place mines on the ground or in the water (n., v.)

The soldiers searched to find hidden mines.

(Language Note: an effective way to beef up your writing and public speaking–especially when picking a title–is using a play on words. Years ago a British newspaper reported on an independent group of coal miners who owned and operated their own coal mine. The article’s title was “Mining their Own Business.”)

Minister: 

Mint: 

Miss:

Model:

Mold:  (British Mould)

1. a growth of fungus that can grow on food or in moist, warm conditions (n.)

“We need to throw this bread out–it has mold on it!” Megan screamed.

2. a hollow container you can pour a liquid into that will harden as it cools (ie. wax, metal, Jello, etc.) (n.)

At historic and beautiful Williamsburg, Virginia, you can see craftspeople making candles in molds, just like they did in the 1770’s!

Morning/Mourning:

Nail: (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. a sharp metal spike used to hold pieces of wood or other material together (n.)

Gene could drive a nail faster than anyone else on his work crew.

2. the hard coverings at the ends of one’s fingertips (n.)

In the US, many nail parlors are owned and operated by people from Vietnam.

3. the act of driving (hammering) a nail into something (v.)

On the day now known as Good Friday, Roman soldiers nailed Jesus to a cross.

Nature: 

Net:  

Note: 

Notes: 

Taking notes:

Get caught with notes:

Novel: 

(Language note: the stem “nov” has 2 meanings: “new,” or “nine.” That is why November was originally the ninth month.)

Nut:

Nutty: 

Objective: (See also “Abstract”)

Observe: 

1. To watch or notice something carefully, because it is important (v.)

“Observe that cut, and if it’s still red and sore after three days, come back and see me,” Dr. Harris told me.

2. To make a remark or comment (v.)

“It’s cool in here–I wish I’d brought my sweater,” mom observed.

3. To obey a rule or law

“Always observe the speed limit,” dad told Megan as he handed her the car keys.

4. to mark or honor a holiday or tradition; to celebrate

At DreyerCoaching.com, we always observe the Christmas holiday by taking two weeks off.

This sentence below is in the third paragraph of Abraham Lincoln’s Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday. You can read the whole proclamation here.)

“I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens.”

Occur: 

Order: 

Organ: 

Palm:

Panel:

Pass: 

Passage:

Patient:

1, describing the state of being able to wait without complaining (adj.)

Daisy is a patient dog; she can sit still while I give her her food and she will not eat until I whistle.

2. a sick person receiving medical care from a professional (n.)

Five patients waited in the waiting room for Dr. Russell to see them.

Note: a bumper sticker has a double-meaning– Nurses are Patient People.

Pedestrian: 

Pepper:

Period: 

Pine:

Pipe:

1. a cylinder or tube that can carry fluids, wires, etc. (n.)

We had to call a plumber because a pipe burst.

2. a narrow tube with a bowl on one end for holding tobacco, that a person (usually men) can smoke

Uncle Norman liked to smoke a pipe.

3. to carry or convey (v.)

Water from that river is piped to several nearby towns.

Pitch: 

Pitcher: This can also be two nouns.

1. Just like “batter,” a pitcher can be a player in basball– the person who pitches, or throws, the ball to the batter–like this.

John was our team’s pitcher…until he injured his arm, so now Brandon is pitching.

2. a glass or plastic container to hold drinks so they can be poured easily–like this 

“Melody, put some water and ice in the pitcher before the guest arrive,” mom requested.

Plain: 

Plot:

This sentence comes from our blog post about 9/11:

On 9/11, there were 19 hijackers— but the original terrorist plot had called for 20.

Point: 

Pointed: 

Polish:

Pool:

Poor: 

Position:

Post:  

Pray: (n.) the act of speaking with God in prayer. [“Pray” and “Prey” sound the same]

“Let us pray,” the pastor said.

“Pray tell.”

Practice: 

Pregnant: 

Press: 

Prey: (n.) The animal that a predator tries to catch and kill (see also “Quarry”)

The cheetah is chasing down its pray, the gazelle.

Pride: 

They saw a pride of lions on the safari.

Principal:

Principle:

Project:

Prompt:

Property: 

Punch: (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. to his someone or something (n. v.)

2. a mixed drink that often has fruit juice, ice cream, and soda. It is often served at formal parties, weddings etc. in a punchbowl.

Pupil:

Quarry:

1. An animal that a hunter or predator tries to kill; prey (n.)

This pheasant is the quarry.

A cheetah is hunting its quarry, a gazelle.

2. An open pit or mine where gravel, rock or sand are extracted. (n.)

The Boxley Quarry is in Campbell County, Virginia.

Quarter:

Raise: 

Rash:

Reception: 

Joke: Did you hear about the two TV antennas that got married? The wedding was nothing special, but the reception was fantastic!

Record:

Register:

Relative: 

Relish: 

White House announcement for July 4, 2021, stating the cost of a BBQ picnic is 16 cents cheaper than in 2020. “And that’s something we can all relish.”

Remote:

Resent: 

Reservation:

Resigned: 

Resort: 

Resume:

1.  to restart (v.) (pronounced re-ZOOM)

Our classes will stop next week in honor of the Easter holiday, but will resume on April 20.

2. a formal list of one’s education and experience, usually used when applying for a job or honor. Sometimes called a c.v.  (n.) (pronounced RE-zoo-may)

Since this word comes from French, and to differentiate from the verb “resume,” the noun can also be spelled with accent marks:  résumé or resumé. However, such accent marks are from the French language; the English language usually does NOT use such accent marks.

Whenever a teacher is interested in working with the DreyerCoaching team, I ask to see their resume and philosophy of education.

Right: 

Ring: 

Rock: 

Role:  (sounds the same as “roll”)   An actor’s part in a play or movie; the important tasks that one should do in life

Roll: (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”) (sounds the same as “role”)

1. to move in a particular direction by turning over and over (v.)

The women who came to see Jesus’ tomb on that first Easter morning were shocked to see that the stone has been rolled away. 

2. small breads that are baked as a bunch (n.)

Betsy will bring the rolls for lunch tomorrow.

3.  a list of names in a class, group, etc. (n.)

Mrs. Jones always calls the roll before she begins her classes.

Room: 

Many misunderstood Hitler’s idea in German of Lebensraum. They thought in English, “Hitler wants a living room!” Their ignorance was costly.

Rose:

Round: 

Row:

Rule:

Ruler: 

Run: 

In October 2020 we visited beautiful Roaring Run.

Safe: 

Sage:

1. a wise, old person, usually thought to be an ancient Asian man. (Chinese: 智者)

When Americans think of a sage, we usually think of an old Chinese man with a long white beard sitting on a mountaintop, quoting Confucius.

2. a kind of spice (Chinese: 鼠尾草)

“Do you think this chicken needs more sage?” Diane asked mom.

Saw:

Scale: 

School:

We saw a school of small fish in the pond.

Scratch: 

idiom: From Scratch

Screen:

Seal: (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. to close tightly, as in an envelope, etc. (n. v.)

Seal the package carefully so it won’t open in the mail.

2. a personalized stamp that is used to seal an envelope or document, or to show ownership or permission (n. v.)

When I was in Taiwan, I had fun designing and buying my first stone seal.

3. a formal emblem that shows status or authority (n.)

The US Presidential Seal is recognized around the world and features a bald eagle.

The following sentence is at the end of Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday. You can read the whole proclamation here.)

“In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed.”

4. a marine mammal that loves to swim and eat fish. (n.)

Billy’s favorite animals to see at the zoo are the playful seals.

Season: 

(My grandmother used this word in her collection of childhood memories from the early 1900s)

 Second:

Sentence: (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. an idea expressed with words, containing at least a subject and verb. (n.)

2. a punishment a judge gives to a criminal (legal term) (n. v.)

Set: 

Settle: 

Signature:

https://www.census.gov/library/audio/profile-america/profileodd/profile-odd-28.html

Shade: 

Shady: 

Ship:  

Shot: 

Sound: 

1. Something that can be heard (n.)

Dogs can hear high-pitched sounds that humans can’t.

2. volume of noise (n.)

“Can you turn the sound up? I can’t hear the TV since people are talking in the next room.”

3. Healthy and strong; not broken or damaged (adj.)

Even at 90, gramps has a sound mind. He likes to talk politics and the latest news.

Even with the bad economy, Uncle Barry’s company remains sound.

Those rotten steps don’t look very sound to me. I wouldn’t climb them.

4. An area of sea surrounded mainly by land (n.)

Puget Sound is a famous body of water near Seattle, Washington State.

5. to seem like something, based on what is said or written (v.)

The tiny island of Yap sounds like a fascinating place, based on what my friend Terry told me.

Greg sounded pretty discouraged when he called me last night.

6. To emit a noise (v.)

The fire alarm will sound at 2:00 for our monthly fire drill.

7. in a deep sleep (adv.)

We were sound asleep when the dog started barking.

8. to measure depth of water (v.)

Dan bought a sonar device to sound the depth of the water under his boat. He says it helps him find better fishing spots.

Space:  

Speaker: 

Spell:

1. (v.) The way to arrange letters to spell a word (more common usage)

“How do you spell ‘Frankincense’?” Billy asked his dad as he was writing a Christmas play.

2. (n.)  a period of time (less common usage–often heard from older people)

“Come and sit a spell” Grandma told Hannah.

It’s been a really long dry spell–I hope we get some rain soon!

Spine: 

What Am I? 

I make a good companion,

If you find yourself alone.

My spine is thick and sturdy

But without a single bone.

By Laura Sassi, in Clubhouse Jr. magazine, June 2021.

Spirit:

Spoil: 

Spot:

Idiom: Put someone on the spot

Spot on

Spruce:

Spruce up:

Square:

Fair and Square:

Squared away:

St.  This abbreviation has TWO meanings

1. Saint.  a holy person (n.)

While studying charts in our Advanced Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension class, we examined a graph showing the reindeer population on remote St. Matthew Island, Alaska.

Many US cities are named after Christian saints: St. Paul, Minnesota; St. Louis, Missouri; St. Petersburg, Florida are just a few. These place names show the incredible importance of Christianity in the founding and development of the United States.

2. Street.  a small road in a city or town (n.)

The parade will go down Main St. at noon on Saturday.

Stable: 

Staff:

Stage: 

Stand: 

Staple:

State:

1. a condition or circumstance (n.)

In life, it’s important to maintain a healthy, positive mental state.

2. a political sub-unit of the United States of America, Australia, Germany, etc. (n.)

The smallest state in the USA is Rhode Island. It is actually NOT an island, and its capital is Providence. (“Providence” means the protective care of God.)

3. A nation or country (n.)

In the US government, the State Department is responsible for relations with foreign countries. (George Washington’s first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, who graduated from the College of William and Mary and later established the University of Virginia.)

This is in the first paragraph of Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday:

“In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign States to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved with all nations….”   You can read the entire proclamation here.

4. to say or write formally; to make a declaration (v.)

Whenever you give a speech or write an essay, it is important to state your main idea clearly.  Don’t make people have to guess what you are trying to say.

Statement: 

Steep: 

Steer: 

Stern: (see also “bow”)

Stint: 

Stock: 

Stole: 

Stool:  

Story: 

Strain: 

(My grandmother used this word in some of her stories from her childhood in the early 1900s)

Stress:

1. Pressure (n.)

Having taught in Taiwan for ten years, I saw how much stress so many Asian students are under every day. That is one reason I started teaching online in 2008: to try to relieve the pressure so students can learn proper English AT HOME!

Engineers have to calculate how much stress a bridge can bear, before they build it.

2. to emphasize (v.)

In the word “complacent,” you put the stress on the second syllable.

I always try to stress to our students: to learn a new language, you have to put in a LOT of time and work, but don’t worry…DreyerCoaching can help you!

Strike: 

Strike while the iron is hot.

Striking:

Stroke:

Submission: 

The word “Islam” literally means “submission” in the Arabic language.

Suspect: 

Swallow: 

Swell: 

Take off/Taking off:

Tank: 

Tell:

Telling: 

Terminal: 

This sentence is from our blog post about 9/11:

Only after we disembarked and entered the terminal did we passengers realize the gravity of his message.

Theater: 

1. a building or outdoor area designed for showing movies or hosting musical or dramatic performances (n.)

Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. on April 14, 1865–Good Friday.

2. (military) The large area where military events take place (n.)

There were three theaters in the US Civil War: Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi.

This sentence is in the first paragraph of Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Proclamation making Thanksgiving a national holiday:

“(…) peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of military conflict; while that theatre has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union.”   (You can read the entire proclamation here.)

Tick: 

Ticket: 

Time:  

Times: 

1. a ratio of how much bigger A is than B. (n.)

The Reading book we use with basic English learners says “Alaska is two times as big as Texas.”

2. the number of occurences of an event (n.)

She called two times in the past 30 minutes.

3. multiplied by (preposition)

Two times three is six.

4. a common name for a city’s newspaper (n.)

Horace Greely, editor of the New York Times during the US Civil War, said, “It is impossible to enslave, mentally or socially, a Bible-reading people. The principles of the Bible are the groundwork of human freedom.”

Tip:

Tire: 

Title: 

What Am I? 

I’ll take you many places,

But I’m not a time machine.

I always have a title.

Just like a king or queen.

By Laura Sassi, in Clubhouse Jr. magazine, June 2021.

Top:

Touching: 

Treat: 

Trick: 

Trim: 

Trip: 

Trunk:

Turkey: This can be five nouns.

1. a kind of bird, wild or domestic, known as the most popular Thanksgiving food

While driving in Southwest Virginia, it is not unusual to see a wild turkey by the side of the road.

2. the large country between the Mediterranean and Black Seas that is 97% in Asia and 3% in Europe.

Visiting Turkey has been a lifelong dream of mine. (Note: when referring to the country, always capitalize the T.)

3. Three strikes (knocking down all the pins) in bowling is called a “turkey.” (credit: Ryan Chen in Hsinchu, Taiwan). Learn more here.

We all cheered when Ryan got a turkey!

4. Derogatory term for a stupid, rude, inept person. (slang)

Marie’s old boyfriend was a real turkey–we’re all glad she finally dumped him.

There is an old saying about the importance of choosing good friends to be around: “If you want to soar with the eagles, you can’t run with the turkeys.”

5. a theatrical or musical production that is a big flop or failure

Our drama club didn’t work very hard on the play so opening night was a real turkey. (slang)

Turn: 

The Boy Scouts teach “Do a good turn daily.”

Type:

Union: 

Ken and Jane Dreyer celebrated their 70th wedding anniversary on June 3, 2021. They were wed on 6/3/1951, and their union produced four children. (You can read the whole announcement here.)

Utter: 

This passage is from our blog post about 9/11:

Everyone watched in utter disbelief at the visions of collapsing towers and a burning section of the Pentagon. When we finally regained some composure, we headed to our airline’s information desk to find out what to do next.

(The two main meanings of this word are also in the vocabulary book series we use at DreyerCoaching.)

Vain: 

(This word and its two main meanings are in Book 4 of the vocabulary series we use at DreyerCoaching.com.)

Vet:

Even though Daisy is an Australian Cattle Dog, the vet says she looks like a Golden Lab.

Vision:

Great marketing pitch from Roanoke, Virginia:

Vistar Eye Center, where your Sight is our Vision

Waffle:

Wardrobe:

Watch: 

Wave: 

Way: 

Well:

1. a good, positive state or situation; thoroughly done (adv.)

2. a hole in the ground where fresh water can be taken (n.)

Whip:

Whip out:

Whip up:

Will:  (Read this word in context in the story “The First Easter”)

1. used to show one’s future plans (v.)

2. a strong sense of doing what one wants to do (n.)

3. a legal document that shows what money and assets one wants to leave for survivors after one’s death (n.)

wood: the natural product from trees, used for building or fires (note: the plural form is “pieces of wood.”)

Dad cuts his own wood to burn in his fireplace each winter.

There were pieces of wood scattered all over the ground after the bolt of lightning hit the tree.

woods: a forest

A walk in the woods is a great way to get exercise and clear your mind. 

Yard: 

***************************

One day in our Advanced Writing Class the students and I discussed the nine meanings of “hold up.” (see above). I assigned each of them three meanings and asked them to write a story using “hold up” in those three ways. But I only gave them five minutes to do it! They did a great job. Take a look!  Can you identify which meaning, 1-9, each example is?

As we sat in our newly constructed tree fort in Bobby’s backyard, I silently wished that it would hold up against the strong rains and winds that would soon come in May. If it fell down in a tumble of broken boards and nails, we would have to spend another hot, itchy, day rebuilding it. “I wish this was more like Joe’s tree house,” Bobby whined, poking at a wobbly board. The tree fort creaked ominously, and I grabbed the windowsill nervously. “You sure do like to hold up Joe as the role model for building tree houses,” I remarked, “but I sure don’t see what’s great about his!” Bobby waved a hand at me, dismissive. “Now Johnny, go get the snacks you promised from your house. I bought the boards and nails, you need to hold up your end of the bargain,” he said, giving me a little push. I sighed, scrambling down the rope ladder, but cheerfully ran back in the direction of my house, retrieving the promised Doritos and Coke. Having this tree fort would make this a great summer- if it didn’t fall apart, that is.

–Katie Chen, Hsinchu, Taiwan

“The news that Bob robbed the bank just does not hold up! I have known him for so long, and I know he would not hold up a bank,” Joe commented. Mary agreed with Joe. Everything about the story seemed so absurd to Mary and Joe, who were two of Bob’s closest friends in college. In hopes of alleviating Joe’s frustration, Mary calmly said, “Hey Joe. How are you holding up?” He replied, “This is not okay. I bet someone is behind this. Someone is setting Bob up! I know that for sure.”

–Alex Chen, Hsinchu, Taiwan

“Hold up there, furry boy,” said John as he was holding up a dog treat. His movement was held up by the dog’s constant howling. As the dog become frenzied, it jumped onto John and chewed on the treat.

–Ian Lin, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Watch this post for future examples of “crazy English” and how I try to help explain it to you, so it makes sense.

Do YOU have a question about “crazy English” or some words that confuse you or seem unclear? Contact me with your question and I will try to answer it!